Oh My, Outline.

Sydney P. Furio IV-1 Topic: Climate Change October 22, 2008
Focus: How climate change affects the marine ecosystem of the Pacific Ocean and the
fishing industry


OUTLINE


I. Introduction
A. Past climate change
1. Natural causes of climate change
a. Continental Drift
b. Volcanic eruptions
c. Earth’s tilt
d. Ocean currents
2. The natural greenhouse effect
B. Final Thesis Statement: International cooperation is needed to mitigate the impact of climate change on the ecosystem of the Pacific Ocean and economies of the Pacific Island Nations.

II. Body
A. Anthropogenic causes of climate change
1. Pollution from human activities during the Industrial Revolution
a. Rise in the use of fossil fuels
b. Deforestation
c. Use of inorganic fertilizers
2. Greatest contributors of pollution
a. Industrial plants in the U.S.
b. Gasoline-burning motor vehicles
3. Accumulation of excessive greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
a. Common greenhouse gases from human activities
(1) Carbon Dioxide
(2) Methane
(3) Nitrous oxide
(4) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
b. Effects of excessive accumulation of common greenhouse gases in the greenhouse effect
(1) Rise in average global temperature
(2) Melting of glaciers
B. How climate change affects the marine ecosystem of the Pacific Ocean
1. Increasing sea surface temperature of the Pacific Ocean
a. The effects of ocean acidification on the marine ecosystem of the Pacific Ocean
(1) Decline in the ability of calcareous marine organisms to produce shells
(a) Decrease rate of corals to produce skeletons
(b) Decline in the ability of free-swimming zooplankton and algae to build protective shells
b. Coral bleaching causes death of many coral reefs
c. The increasing sea water temperature disables coral’s capability to recover
2. Shifting of seasonal temperature patterns
a. The effects of shifting seasonal temperature patterns to the marine food chain
(1) Decline in productivity of Phytoplankton as the base of the marine food chain
(2) Small marine animals that depend on phytoplankton dies
b. The adaptation of the marine organisms to the shifting seasonal
temperature pattern
B. How the deteriorating marine ecosystem of the Pacific Ocean affects the fishing industry
1. Decline in fish stocks
a. Decrease in income
b. Lost of livelihood
2. Fishing industry needs to adapt to climate change
a. The increase in minimum catch weight
b. Sustain fish availability
C. The repercussions of climate change on the livelihood of fishermen
1. Decrease in catch of fishermen
2. Overfishing of fishermen to increase catch
a. Using destructive methods to increase catch
b. Jeopardizing the marine ecosystem
D. The repercussions of climate change on the economies of the Pacific Island Nations
1. The Pacific Island Nations bear the consequences of climate change
a. Negative impact on fisheries
b. Decline in tourism
c. Negative impact on agriculture
d. Lost of livelihoods
2. Climate change add financial stress to Pacific Island Nations
E. The cooperation between different countries to mitigate the impact of climate change
1. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
a. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’s main objective
b. The Kyoto Protocol
(1) The Kyoto Protocol’s main objective
(2) The Kyoto mechanisms
(a) Emissions Trading
(b) Clean Development Mechanism
(c) Joint Implementation
2. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
a. A background on what it is
(1) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s main objective
(2) The constituents of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(a) The government
(b) The scientists
(c) The people
b. Assessment reports
Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability

III. Conclusion
A. Climate change caused by human activities
B. Impact of climate change on the Pacific Ocean
C. International cooperation to combat the impact of climate change